A Comprehensive Review of Adhesive, Mechanical, and Thermal Joining Methods for Natural Fiber Composites (NFCs)

Abstract

Motivated by rising environmental and economic issues, natural fiber composites (NFCs) have gained recognition as eco, friendly substitutes for traditional synthetic composites. Their use in structural applications, however, depends on effective joining techniques. This article offers a detailed review of the main joining methods for NFCs: mechanical fastening, adhesive bonding, and microwave, based welding. By reviewing the literature, we illustrate each method's fundamental concepts, reported performance, and current challenges. The aim is to pool knowledge, point out significant research gaps, and stress the development of joining methods that are both optimal and practical to help facilitate the use of NFCs.